The plantar fascia runs along the length of the sole of the foot and along with various ligaments and muscles of the foot, functions to assist in maintaining its inner arch (like the string of a bow, with the bones of the foot being the bow itself). Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the origin of the fascia at the calcaneus (heel bone). It is a result of a repetitive strain/tear and repair of the fascia from traction forces that have worn it out. It can be likened to an elastic band that has been left out in the sun and stretched too many times; it looses its stretch and has many microtears in it. Heel spurs have long been associated with heel pain, and were originally thought to be its cause.
Heel spurs occur at the origin of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle, which lies just beneath the plantar fascia. However, heel spurs are NOT the cause of heel pain associated with plantar fasciitis and for this reason, it is unnecessary for them to be removed. They probably form because of the local inflammation in the soft tissue, with the body forming bone mistakenly in its attempt to repair the plantar fascia.
NON-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT Initial management of plantar fasciitis involves a multi-modal nonoperative approach. For 90% of people, this is all that is required. This initially includes analgesics, anti-inflammatories, massage, applying ice, and exercises that stretch the fascia and strengthen the muscles. Orthoses including heel pads and night splints may be helpful, along with corticosteroid injections, and other alternative modalities such as ultrasound or shock wave therapy.
OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT For those patients who have ongoing pain despite adequate non-operative management, operative intervention is required. this procedure has been performed through a small incision on the in-step of the foot to complete the release of the plantar fascia. Patients are then allowed to weight bear as tolerated, and quite often have less pain than prior to the procedure within 1-2 weeks. By 4 weeks, patients are usually walking well, and may commence returning to sport by 6-12 weeks.
COMPLICATIONS
Complications are rare with this procedure, and uncommonly, discomfort in the outer part of the top of the foot may occur following any technique of plantar fascia release. Very seldom is this enough of a problem to require further surgery and generally improves with the use of insoles (orthotics). Excessive scarring can be minimized with early stretching and massage. Overall, a successful outcome is achieved in approximately 90% of patients
